Insulin

The Metabolic Reckoning: How Medicine Rediscovered Carbohydrate Restriction

In 2012, telling a heart patient to cut carbohydrates could still get you labeled a heretic. Fat was the villain. Carbohydrates were the gospel. Medicine spoke in percentages and pyramids, not physiology. Calories were our currency, and balance was our creed. But the numbers on my desk told a different story.Triglycerides were falling, waistlines shrinking, … Read more

The Insulin Wars: Greed, Glory, and the Battle to Save Lives

In the summer of 1921, in a dim and dusty laboratory at the University of Toronto, a young surgeon with failing prospects and a second-year medical student began tying off the pancreatic ducts of dogs. What they were after was elusive—unseen, unnamed, and possibly imaginary. What they found would change the fate of millions. They … Read more